Energy companies have vowed to “act fast” to roll out onshore wind turbines across the country after the government reversed its effective ban on the technology in England, the i newspaper reports. In chancellor Kwasi Kwarteng’s “growth plan” – unveiled on Friday – the government promised to bring “onshore wind planning policy in line with other infrastructure to allow it to be deployed more easily in England”. This means rules allowing councils to effectively block any new wind farm from being constructed in England will be scrapped, the paper explains, adding: “In Scotland and Wales, where the devolved governments are more supportive, projects continued to develop.” The Financial Times explains that “no new onshore wind developments of scale have gained consent in England since 2015, after then prime minister David Cameron said communities were ‘fed up’ with the technology and tightened planning restrictions for land-based turbines. Onshore wind developers have since then been forced to satisfy strict demands showing they have the backing of local communities”. It adds that the “surprise U-turn” has been “described by climate campaigners as one of the few bright spots in chancellor Kwasi Kwarteng’s fiscal package”. The Guardian, Daily Telegraph and Bloomberg all have the story.

The growth plan also includes five oil-and-gas fields in the North Sea and North Atlantic that have been earmarked for accelerated development, reports the Independent. The five are Cambo oil and gas field, Murlach oil field, Talbot gas field, the redevelopment of the Affleck oil and gas field, and the Victory gas field, the paper explains. The fields are among 138 infrastructure projects the government says will be accelerated “as fast as possible”, the paper says: “The government has said it aims to get the vast majority of the projects under way by the end of 2023 and that they may benefit from acceleration through planning reform, regulatory reform, and ‘improved’ development consent processes.” It adds that “the list is not exhaustive and anti-fossil fuel campaigners said they did not immediately know why these projects specifically had been earmarked for acceleration”. The Daily Telegraph says that the North Sea Transition Authority (NSTA) is “considering cutting the application period for its upcoming new licensing round to a minimum of 90 days, compared to typical rounds of roughly 120 days”. The Times reports that BP and Shell argued against the government’s toughest climate change tests for developing new North Sea oil and gas fields, which were scrapped on Thursday. Documents released under freedom of information rules reveal the role that the two companies played in a decision to water down the “climate compatibility checkpoint” scheme, the paper explains. And, in response to a commons question after unveiling his plan, Kwarteng said he was “very happy to engage” on calls to cut fuel duty, reports the Daily Mail.

Also announced in the growth plan was for 38 “investment zones” with looser planning rules. The i newspaper reports that conservationists have “poured fresh scorn” on the “controversial plans”. The outlet quotes Hilary McGrady, director general of the National Trust, who said: “Rather than ramp up action to support our environment, this government appears, however, to be heading in the opposite direction. Environmental protections are dismissed as ‘burdens’, while investment and growth are pitted against nature and climate action.“ The RSPB branded the plans an “attack on nature”, the outlet says. It notes that, in response, Kwarteng told BBC One’s Sunday with Laura Kuenssberg show that “we’re not going to relax environmental rules”. In addition, BBC News reports that the government has confirmed it was “rapidly reviewing” the UK’s environmental land management schemes (ELMS) – designed to replace the EU’s common agricultural policy (CAP) after Brexit. Cambridgeshire farmer Martin Lines, who is chairman of the Nature Friendly Farming Network, warned that any delay to the ELMS scheme would deny farmers crucial support to adapt to a changing climate, the outlet reports. He said: “If the government is stalling ELMS, it is failing any duty of leadership in maintaining momentum and building resilience.” The Times also reports on how “conservationists believe the government is preparing to scrap or water down farming subsidies meant to support a ‘green Brexit’, saying such a move would be a disaster and a betrayal”.

Meanwhile, there is continued reaction to the government’s decision last week to lift a ban on fracking in England. The Independent reports that Liz Truss’s claims that gas from fracking could flow in six months has been called into doubt – with one company estimating it could take as long as 18 months. The Guardian says that Conservative MP Mark Menzies – whose Fylde constituency is home to Cuadrilla’s Preston New Road site, where seismic events have twice forced a national moratorium – has challenged business secretary Jacob Rees-Mogg to “lead by example” and make his the first constituency to be fracked. The Daily Telegraph reports that “sources close to” Rees-Mogg says he would support fracking in his own back garden if it reduced the UK’s reliance on Russia. And BBC News “reality check” article says that the extra gas that the UK produces from the North Sea or fracking “is unlikely to be enough to bring down bills significantly unless the government agrees a price with the companies that extract it”.

Labour leader Keir Starmer will pledge to deliver a new era of economic growth and permanently lower energy bills by turning the UK into an independent green “superpower” before 2030, through a massive expansion of wind and solar energy, reports the Observer. Announcing details of the plan exclusively to the paper – and also writing a column with deputy leader Angela Rayner – Starmer said he will double the amount of onshore wind, triple solar and more than quadruple offshore wind power, “re-industrialising” the country to create a zero carbon, self-sufficient electricity system, by the end of this decade. Starmer said the move would release the British people from the mercy of “dictators” such as Russian president Vladimir Putin over energy bills, the paper notes. Starmer also pledged that he would “put a stop” to new long-term exploration for oil and gas in the North Sea, the Financial Times reports. It adds: “The Labour plan also envisages the completion of new nuclear power stations at Hinkley Point and Sizewell, as well as backing new ‘small modular reactors’…However, Starmer said a Labour government would keep a ‘strategic reserve’ of back-up gas-fired power stations to guarantee security of supply. He added that it would invest in hydrogen and in carbon capture and storage schemes, to ensure there is zero-emission back-up power when there is no wind or sun.” Labour claims the plan would save UK households a total of £93bn over the rest of the decade – or an average saving of £475 for each household every year, the Press Association says. BBC News also has the story, while the Daily Mail reports that Starmer was “forced to admit that fossil fuels might still be used as a back-up”.

In further plans to be set out at the Labour party conference in Liverpool, shadow foreign secretary David Lammy will use his speech tomorrow to commit a future Labour government to a “green dimension” to its foreign policy, putting action to tackle climate change and environmental harm at the heart of its ambitions, reports the Press Association. Lammy is expected to say: “The climate crisis is the biggest challenge the world faces. It is not a distant threat. It is here today, devastating the lives of millions of people. From the horrific wildfires in Australia and California to the suffocating sandstorms of Baghdad and the horrendous floods in Pakistan. While Liz Truss tries to row back on our net-zero commitments, Labour’s foreign policy will be green.“ The Independent notes that “the pledge is a deliberate echo of Blair-era predecessor Robin Cook’s ‘foreign policy with an ethical dimension’, which marked a profound shift in UK priorities to include rights and values in assessments of the national interest”.

The Pacific island of Vanuatu has called for a first-of-its-kind global treaty to phase out the use of fossil fuels in what the Guardian describes as a “bold” public call at the UN general assembly. Speaking in New York on Saturday, Nikenike Vurobaravu urged countries to join his country’s call for a fossil fuel nonproliferation treaty. He said: “We call for the development of a fossil fuel nonproliferation treaty to phase down coal, oil and gas production in line with 1.5C and enable a global just transition for every worker, community and nation with fossil fuel dependence.“ He added: “We call on states to join the group of nations proposing to include the crime of ecocide in the Rome statute. Acting with the knowledge of severe and widespread or long-term damage to the environment can no longer be tolerated.” Climate Home News and Reuters also have the story. Separately, the Guardian and Independent report that Pope Francis also called for “new courage in abandoning fossil fuels” in a visit to Assisi.

Meanwhile, the Financial Times reports on a “push for overhaul of IMF and World Bank” from global climate leaders at the general assembly. Mia Mottley, the prime minister of Barbados, called on Friday for “a new internationalism”, adding that the IMF and World Bank “no longer serve the purpose in the 21st century that they served in the 20th century”. Simon Stiell, newly appointed executive secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, tells the FT there is “growing consensus” that the so-called Bretton Woods structures were “appropriate for the postwar world” but now needed to be “reformed and adjusted”. The paper says that the discussion comes as “part of a fraught broader debate around so-called ‘loss and damage”. Ugandan climate activist Vanessa Nakate told the paper that “international climate finance needs to help the global south, who do not have the resources to pay for the clean energy transition”. Associated Press carries an interview with Stiell – formerly the environment and climate resilience minister on the small island nation of Grenada – who says: “Loss and damage has to be addressed…It’s a very difficult conversation, but it’s a conversation that has to be had. Positions have softened over the years from nonacceptance and refusal to discuss this to a point now where these are agenda items in the negotiations. So that is a step forward.” The Times of India says that loss and damage is set to “dominate discourse at COP27” in November. (Carbon Brief today launched its week-long series on loss and damage.)

Finally, Reuters reports that the White House on Friday said it condemned recent comments on climate change by World Bank President David Malpass, who came under fire this week after he declined to say whether he accepts the scientific consensus on global warming. White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre told reporters that “we expect the World Bank to be a global leader of climate ambition and mobilisation”. The Treasury Department, which oversees the US engagement with the bank, “has and will continue to make that expectation clear to the World Bank leadership,” she said. Politico reports that Malpass says he will not resign.

New analysis suggests the UK may still face energy shortages this winter even after resorting to burning coal, with less power flowing through crucial links from Europe and Scandinavia, reports Bloomberg. According to a report from consultants Lane, Clark & Peacock, even with coal-burning plants brought back online, the country may see 10 hours when power supplies are insufficient to meet demand and the grid operator may have to shut off some users, Bloomberg reports, adding: “Limited power imports from France and Norway through subsea interconnectors could compound Britain’s squeeze.” Chris Matson, a partner at LCP, said: “There are significant doubts about the availability of electricity coming into Britain from the continent which is critical to our security of supply…To keep the lights on this winter it is likely that the energy system will need to fire up its ageing coal power stations despite our recent commitments to climate action.”

Meanwhile, the Daily Telegraph says that “Britain’s energy bills freeze could prove much less costly than feared by early next year”, according to forecasts that “gas prices will plunge this winter following a successful scramble across Europe to fill reserves”. Bloomberg reports that “the UK expects to raise more than £28bn in the coming years from a windfall tax on oil and gas firms”. The Mail on Sunday reports on “extraordinary” £18bn plan to harness solar and wind power in the Sahara and use it to supply electricity to Britain. It says: “The Xlinks project, which is chaired by former Tesco boss Sir Dave Lewis, claims it could power more than 7m homes by 2030, supplying an astonishing 8% of Britain’s energy needs. A study by energy company Octopus, which has invested in the scheme, shows that the project would result in a sizable cut in household bills. It is believed the project would deliver electricity at about half the rate of that produced by nuclear power plants.” And the Guardian reports on research by energy analysts Cornwall Insight that warns “plans to pin the UK’s energy hopes on hydrogen could nearly double the cost of heating a home by the end of the decade compared with natural gas”.

Finally, the Guardian reports on an investigation by Unearthed – Greenpeace’s investigative unit – accusing the UK government of “subsidising environmental racism” by giving £2m a day in subsidies to Drax Biomass, which “paid millions of dollars to US regulators over claims it exceeded limits on chemicals emissions at wood chip plants close to black and low-income communities”. And a Daily Mail “investigation” reveals that activist group Just Stop Oil is “plotting to paralyse parliament during a six-week campaign of chaos”.

Europe’s “overwhelming appetite” for liquefied natural gas (LNG) to replace Russian pipeline exports “is leaving developing countries starved of gas and creating a market for traders to profit from a rush to secure supplies”, reports the Financial Times. According to data from the commodity analytics firm ICIS, compiled for the FT, China, India, Brazil, Pakistan and Bangladesh will have the highest rate of decline in demand for liquefied natural gas this year, down 34.5 tonnes compared to last year’s forecast. That equates to roughly 9% of global LNG supplies in 2021, the paper notes. It explains: “Demand in Europe, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand is expected to increase by a total of 46.6m tonnes this year. Europe, including the UK, accounts for 85% of the increase in demand, according to ICIS. That imbalance not only threatens to push many emerging economies into energy crises that may prolong their reliance on dirtier forms of fuel.”

Meanwhile, the United Arab Emirates has agreed a deal to supply LNG to Germany as chancellor Olaf Scholz visited the Gulf state as part of a regional tour seeking to drum up alternatives to Russian energy, the FT reports. It says: “Abu Dhabi National Oil Company will supply Germany utility RWE with 137,000 cubic metres of LNG later this year, which will be the first delivery to the under-construction import terminal on the north-west coast at Brunsbüttel, RWE and the UAE state media said.” According to “a person briefed on the matter”, Adnoc was expected to reserve another five LNG cargoes for German customers in 2023, the paper adds. Reuters also has the story. Scholz also met with Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman on his trip, and announced that he wants to deepen the energy partnership between the two countries, reports Reuters. Politico reports that German finance minister Christian Lindner has questioned if efforts to help the country’s energy companies tackle soaring energy costs would lead to lower energy prices for local consumers. Speaking to German newspaper Bild, Lindner said the so-called gas levy, the plan to charge Germans a fee to compensate energy companies for skyrocketing wholesale energy costs because of the war in Ukraine, may not be the best way to handle the global energy crisis.

Politico reports that “France’s TotalEnergies announced a big deal with Qatar on Saturday, under which the French energy giant will invest in the exploration of a new gas field for exports of [LNG] and will take a 9.4% share of the project”. Reuters reports that, on Friday, France “revised rules on biogas projects, adjusting tariffs for inflation and extending construction deadlines, in an effort to clear a backlog of farm investments”. The move comes after President Emmanuel Macron “pledged to cut red tape to halve the time it takes to get renewable projects off the ground” on Thursday, it adds. The Financial Times reports that Macron “faces an arduous battle to secure passage of the planned legislation as opposition politicians criticise elements of the bill, while developers say more ambitious measures are needed”.

Elsewhere in Europe, Reuters reports that “European Union countries are hunting for alternatives to an EU plan to use a carbon market reserve to help finance their exit from Russian gas, as some fear the proposal would undermine the bloc’s main climate change policy”. Reuters reports that Poland expects to raise 13.5bn zlotys ($2.75bn) from a windfall tax on energy companies, with the money used to offset the impact of rising bills on households. Reuters also reports that Italy expects to raise almost 4bn euros ($3.9bn) from a scheme to claw back profits from solar and clean power producers to curb energy prices. And another Reuters article reports that “European Union countries are pushing for guarantees that they can keep their own windfall profit levies on energy companies, and retain the option to impose even tougher measures, alongside bloc-wide measures proposed by Brussels”.

Storm Fiona ripped into eastern Canada on Saturday with hurricane-force winds, forcing evacuations, knocking down trees and power lines, and reducing many homes on the coast to “just a pile of rubble in the ocean”, reports Reuters. It continues: “Port aux Basques, on the southwest tip of Newfoundland with a population of 4,067, bore the brunt of the storm’s rage. The mayor was forced to declare a state of emergency and evacuated parts of the town that suffered flooding and road washouts.” Prime Minister Justin Trudeau met on Saturday morning with members of a government emergency response team, and later told reporters that the armed forces would be deployed to help with the clean up. He said: “We’re seeing reports of significant damage in the region, and recovery is going to be a big effort…We will be there to support every step of the way.” One woman died during the storm, another Reuters article says. More than 415,000 residences in Nova Scotia were left without power – around 80% of people in the province, reports the Independent. A third Reuters article quotes Canada’s emergency preparedness minister Bill Blair as saying “the scale of what we’re dealing with, I think it’s unprecedented”. BBC News also has the story, while the New York Times says that forecasters described Fiona as “a historic storm”.

Meanwhile, tropical storm Ian “hurtled toward western Cuba” yesterday, reports Reuters, “prompting the government to evacuate tourists amid expectations of life-threatening storm surges as it turns into a hurricane” today. Cuba evacuated tourists yesterday from the Isla de la Juventud, off the island’s southwestern coast, as well as workers from nearby Cayo Largo, one of the country’s top tourist destinations, the newswire says. President Joe Biden declared an emergency for the state, reports Politico, “authorising the Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Emergency Management Agency, or FEMA, to coordinate disaster relief efforts and provide assistance to protect lives and property”. The Hill says that Biden cancelled a planned trip to Florida tomorrow. Another article in the Hill reports that “hundreds of thousands of people were still without power” in Puerto Rico after Fiona – which struck the island as a hurricane last week – has drawn “renewed attention to the territory’s embattled power system”. The Washington Post also has the story.

In the Philippines, President Ferdinand Marcos declared suspension of government work and classes for today as a category 3 tropical storm barrelled through the main island Luzon after making landfall northeast of the capital Manila, reports Reuters. Nearly 8,400 people were pre-emptively evacuated from the path of Typhoon Noru, the newswire says.

US Democratic senator Joe Manchin is still campaigning for votes on his plan to fast-track energy projects, while expressing confidence he’ll win enough bipartisan backing to pass the permitting legislation, reports Bloomberg. Speaking to Fox News yesterday, Manchin “appealed to Republicans and Democrats to align behind his measure, which seeks to speed up the approval process for both fossil-fuel and clean-energy projects”, the newswire explains. He said: “This is a chance in a lifetime for us to have energy independence [and security] while making sure we take care of American people with lower energy prices, producing more oil, producing more gas…We have to have permitting reform if you’re going to deliver it.” The outlet says that “Manchin expressed confidence he had ‘overwhelming’ support from Democrats in the Senate and the House, despite intense opposition from progressives in the party. Some 80 House Democrats have urged party leaders to keep the permitting measure separate from the government spending bill.”

R Creigh Deeds, a Democrat who represents Virginia’s 25th state Senate District, writes in the Washington Post that Manchin’s efforts to “undermine the Clean Water Act and the National Environmental Policy Act simply is not good policy”. Deeds says: “The proposal would sacrifice communities and the environment and sabotage vital climate change mitigation efforts for short-term profits for the fossil fuel industry. Manchin’s plan guts 50 years of bipartisan environmental protections, mandates how the judiciary handles certain cases and forces federal approval on a controversial project.” However, an editorial in the Washington Post says that Democrats “should embrace” the deal. It says: “There should be no controversy: Including Mr. Manchin’s bill would improve the package. This is true even – or especially – if one’s primary concern is climate change. Mr. Manchin’s bill has stoked controversy because it contains a sweetheart provision that would benefit a West Virginia pipeline project that Mr. Manchin wants to get through. But, while unattractive, that is not even close to the legislation’s most consequential element; the fact that the bill would ease construction of power lines is.” In contrast, an editorial in the Wall Street Journal criticises the proposal because it “includes some marginal improvements that will benefit renewables but it creates new regulatory risks for fossil fuels, which is the opposite of what he promised”.

Zhang Jianhua, director of the National Energy Administration (NEA), on Thursday hosted the 7th BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) ministerial meeting on energy by video in Beijing, reports China Electric Power News. The state-run industry newspaper says the meeting agreed to deepen energy cooperation among the BRICS countries and to promote green and low-carbon transformation of energy.

Meanwhile, Reuters writes that China’s “ambitions” in the Pacific are a “concern” for some Pacific Island leaders, quoting White House Indo-Pacific coordinator Kurt Campbell. The newswire adds that a “growing” US partnership with “allies” the blue pacific (PBP) – which is a group formed in June that includes the United States, Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the United Kingdom – “aims to address issues such as climate change, health and technology links”. Separately, the state-run newspaper China Daily writes that “environmental experts” at a recent online conference “called on the US and China to collaborate to tackle global illegal deforestation”, an issue that both nations “pledged to support” at last year’s UN climate summit. The Global Times quotes Chinese state councillor and foreign minister Wang Yi who said that China and the EU should “step up dialogue and cooperation in macro-economy, finance, supply chain, energy and climate change to jointly address global challenges” when meeting with Josep Borrell Fontelles, high representative of the EU for foreign affairs at the sidelines of the UN General Assembly in New York.

In other news, the Shanghai-based financial outlet Yicai writes that China’s lithium resources are “enough for 300m electric vehicles thanks to the discovery of new deposits”, according to the chairman of BYD, a “leading” Chinese auto and power battery maker. Reuters reports that China’s petrochemical group Sinopec has launched a specialised unit to engage in capturing and storing carbon dioxide as well as equity investment in carbon-related assets, according to the company’s statement. Finally, the Global Times reports that “so far, all the units put into operation in Baihetan hydropower station are in safe and stable operation, with cumulative power generation of more than 41 terawatts hours (TWh), according to the statement by Three Gorges Corp, which operates the station.

Pension funds Cbus Super and Bundespensionskasse have become the first institutions to leave a financial alliance on tackling climate change spearheaded by former Bank of England governor Mark Carney, the Financial Times reports. The paper explains: “Australia’s Cbus left the Net-Zero Asset Owner Alliance in recent months citing resourcing problems, while Austria’s Bundespensionskasse left the Paris Aligned Asset Owners group this year, also due to a lack of internal resources, the PAAO said. The coalitions form part of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net-Zero (Gfanz) that was launched with great fanfare last year.” Members under the Gfanz umbrella “must comply with complex data tracking and reporting requirements that they say consume significant amounts of time and personnel, something that banks in the alliance have also complained about”, the paper says. Cbus said it left the alliance in order to “focus our resources on our internal climate change activities,” adding that it had not altered its net-zero emissions by 2050 target. And Bundespensionskasse declined to comment on why it left the alliance, but said its “long-term goal is a climate-neutral investment approach”, the paper reports.

Writing in the Daily Telegraph, the UK’s business secretary Jacob Rees-Mogg outlines the government’s response to “an undeniable energy and cost-of-living crisis from which this country is not exempt”. He writes: “It is in the national interest to explore all the options for boosting domestic energy supply, from nuclear, wind and solar, to North Sea oil and gas production. That is why the pause on shale gas extraction has been lifted. This will see new projects developed where there is local support, and a new oil and gas licensing round will be launched in early October to get more home-grown energy on stream urgently. This is underpinned by the newly announced growth plan which will accelerate the development of energy infrastructure across the country to generate more power in the UK, for the UK.” He continues: “With new legislation, the Government is decisively speeding up the time it takes to get bureaucratic approvals so renewables such as offshore wind farms can be deployed more easily, creating jobs and business opportunities along the way, while reinforcing the UK’s position as a global leader in green technologies. These steps will strengthen the UK’s vital offshore oil and gas and clean energy sectors, putting more UK gas and clean energy on the grid for longer, supporting thousands of jobs and bolstering the future energy security of the UK.”

An editorial in the Yorkshire Post explains why fracking is a “bad idea”. It says that potentially lowering the threshold for the level of seismic activity that is acceptable while fracking “will be of particular concern for communities in our region”. It continues: “Beyond the tremors, there is also the risk of potential contamination of groundwater. If anything this summer has taught us, it’s that we need to look after this precious resource. Tackling the energy crisis is of great importance but given that energy from fracking won’t come on stream for a while and gas is sold on the international market, lifting the ban does not make sense. Even Chris Cornelius, the geologist who founded Cuadrilla, says that fracking won’t work in the UK and that this is a mere political gesture. It is an empty gesture to boot, that will only create anxiety for communities facing the spectre of fracking.”

Writing in the Guardian, Frances O’Grady – general secretary of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) – laments the fact that “while the UK sold off its energy industry to private companies, the governments of France, Denmark, Norway, and several German provinces and cities chose a different path. They developed publicly owned energy companies, alongside private sector competition”. O’Grady points out that Norway has built a sovereign wealth fund from its North Sea oil and gas fields, noting that “the UK could have done the same. But we allowed private companies to take all the profit”. She points to new TUC estimates that suggest that “if the UK had a publicly owned energy champion like other countries, the Treasury could receive between £63bn and £122bn over the next two years due to the escalation of wholesale energy prices”. This would amount to “at least £2,250 for every UK household – enough to cover the bulk of the government’s energy price guarantee”, she says, adding: “This should not just be a moment for looking back in regret. It’s not too late to change our approach. In fact, we are still in the early stages of a major energy transition.”

In related UK comment, Bloomberg opinion columnist David Fickling writes that “the past year’s attempts to prove the world’s dependence on fossil fuels have only accelerated our shift away from them. The energy transition isn’t dead. Instead, it’s been supercharged”. A Daily Telegraph editorial criticises Labour’s green growth plan as “fundamentally dishonest” because it is “essentially to make the country more dependent on imported gas, not less, certainly in the medium term”. The paper says that “using our own resources, including shale, is a better approach”. And Sunday Telegraph columnist Zoe Strimpel writes that “eco-extremists only have themselves to blame for fracking’s return”.

A given level of aerosol emissions can drive different air quality and climate changes and associated human system impacts depending on its source, according to new research. The authors “combine novel global climate model simulations with established response functions”. They find that “marginal global damages to infant mortality, crop productivity, and economic growth from aerosol emissions and their climate effects differ by more than an order of magnitude depending on source region”. They add that emissions in some regions create global impacts “much larger than those felt locally”.